Walter Mischel Theory Of Personality - 744 Words

In 1968, personality psychologist Walter Mischel dropped a bomb on the field of personality psychology. In his book titled Personality and Assessment, he argued that behavior is too inconsistent across situations to be characterized by broad personality traits. Mischel ultimately concluded that personality does not exist, and differences in behavior are due to differences in situational factors rather than to differences in personality (Funder, 2016). Mischel’s ideas were immediately met with criticism, and so the person-situation debate began. Although it may not be as prevalent, the question of whether personality or situations are more important in determining behavior persists today. Like Mischel, NPR’s podcast, â€Å"The Personality Myth,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory supports the stability of personality and its importance in determining behavior. According to Freud, personality made up of three parts : the id, the superego, and the ego. The id operates on an unconscious level, and it is the home of our sexual and aggressive drives. The superego also operates on an unconscious level, but it is concerned with engaging in behavior that is consistent with morals. The ego operates on the conscious level, and it is responsible for mediating between the id and superego in order to get wants and needs met but in a socially acceptable way. Each part of the personality develops throughout five stages of psychosocial development. First, there is the oral stage where the id is already developed, the anal stage where the ego develops, the phallic stage where the superego develops, and then the latency and genital stages. If needs are fulfilled too much or too little at any stage, then a person will become fixated at that stage as an adult. As a result of fixation, conflicts between the id and superego will arise during any situation that has to do with the issues that are related to the stag e that they are fixated on. Our actual behavior is the result of our attempt to resolve unconscious conflicts. Based on Freud’s perspective, childhood experiences set the stage for stable adult personalities, and the determinants of our behavior lie within us inShow MoreRelatedPsychology Study of Personality1207 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology of Personality Final paper Definition of Personality There are many definitions and theories regarding personality. Though there isn’t one specific definition that is acceptable for all the different personality theories, I believe that personality is the outward expression of ones beliefs, morals, and emotions; each of which define and differentiate an individual. Personality is seen to be a pattern of somewhat permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistencyRead MoreCognitive Psychology : The Mind As An Information Processor1331 Words   |  6 Pagescognition world would be Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, and Walter Mischel. Beck was a developer of cognitive therapy by which is now used to help disorders that vary from depression, panic attacks, eating disorders, and even addictions. Becks therapy fell right into the works of Ellis, who created behavioral therapy to help like rational-emotive therapy.Then, Mischel took both of these therapies and combined their theories to focus on personality formation and t he issues with the conscious. As studiesRead More Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Education Essay2005 Words   |  9 Pagesdisagree on the importance of these needs, the needs themselves are apparent. One psychological theory, developed by Abraham Maslow, is that our needs can be arranged in â€Å"a hierarchy ascending from such basic physiological needs as hunger and thirst through safety and love needs to needs for esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization† (Mischel 211). Commonly known as Maslow’s hierachy of needs, this theory is based on the assumption that all people have the desire to maximize their potential and striveRead MoreJulian Rotter Walter Mischels Theories Essay533 Words   |  3 PagesJulian Rotter and Walter Mischel both theorized that cognitive aspects, more so than direct reinforcements, establish human reactions to environmental influences. Both psychologists propose that human expectations of impending events are the foremost factors in deter mining human performance. Recognized for his cognitive social learning model of personality, Mischel’s theory centered on the particular cognitive variables that intervene with the way new experiences influence a person (Feist FeistRead MoreThe Effect Of Self- Control On Children2077 Words   |  9 Pageswhat Walter Mischel was trying to prove in his â€Å"Marshmallow Test.† This experiment was based on the effect marshmallows and other sweets have on children and their willpower when it comes to waiting to have it. With this purpose, the view of human nature that is felt presently, will change profoundly. The key to success comes from direct correlation of self-control and willpower because after all, â€Å"self- control is a central function of [understanding] the self† (Baumeister). Walter Mischel was aRead MorePsychodynamic Perspective, Behavioral and Social Cognitive Perspective,897 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the various personality theories: Psychodynamic perspective, Behavioral and Social Cognitive perspective, Humanistic perspective, and Trait perspective) and discuss which  perspective you think is most applicable. Support your argument (based on what you learned, examples, etc). Psychodynamic Perspectives- view personality as being primarily unconscious and as developing in stages. Psychodynamic theorists believe that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that toRead MoreThe Importance of Emotional Self-Regulation and Secure Attachments1732 Words   |  7 Pagestend to have negative experiences with adults with results being equally negative (Kids Matter, 2012). According to an article published by Dr. Walter Mischel, et al, the benefits of learning emotional self-regulation are numerous. The study, called the delay-of-gratification paradigm (a.k.a. the â€Å"marshmallow† test), was developed by Dr. Walter Mischel and his colleagues to explore self-control/willpower by observing a group of preschoolers to see whether they can be tempted. The children wereRead More Comparing the Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches as They Apply to the Study of Intelligence and Personality1972 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom Nomothetic and Idiographic approach. How they apply to both Personality (pattern of behavior and thinking) and Intelligence (thinking and behavior). Arguments for both sides are base on what psychologists generally use them as, because some might disagrees with the usage of the word nomothetic and idiographic, orientated by Kantian and Wilhelm Windelband. Outline nomothetic, idiographic approach and personality Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysicalRead MoreSocial Cognitive Processes Influence On Peoples Reponses Towards Their Selves1680 Words   |  7 PagesFrequency Activation. These processes are present in our daily interactions in that the label given to a person often affects the judgment of that person. An example given in the paper is about a therapist evaluating a target; According to Higgins’ theory and research a therapist will evaluate an individual as more disturbed if the target is a â€Å"patient† versus â€Å"job applicant.† In cooperation with Petty, Higgins ran a study where they had two conditions; the first is placing 2-3 females with one male;Read MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality can be defined in many ways due to the individual and unique aspects of personality, and there is yet to be a definitive answer for what personality is and how it comes into being. Generally personality can be defined as the relatively constant, individual and unique characteristics and traits which present themselves to others in different circumstances. Due to the many unknown factors of personality psychologists have suggested many ways in which personality is created,

Public Companies Trying to Treat Obesity Example

Essays on Public Companies Trying to Treat Obesity Admission/Application Essay Nam Institute Public Companies Trying To Treat Obesity Introduction Currently, obesity is America’s leading healthcare problem consuming a big percentage of funds located to Medicaid and Medicare. Americans are prone to obesity regardless of social status, age or ethnic background. Between the years 1987 and 2002, the number of Americans suffering from obesity doubled while the cost of treating diseases associated with obesity almost tripled. In an attempt to curb the menace, individuals and companies have rushed to cash in on the possible $2 billion dollar industry. These include diets, lifestyle changes and drugs that aim to reduce overweight and obesity. However, with the fall out of Fen Phen, a drug designed to treat obesity but found to cause serious heart conditions, any plans to develop new dietary drugs were thwarted. This changed when the FDA gave two dietary pill companies the go ahead to manufacture drugs. These companies include Arena Pharmaceuticals and VVUS. This move has created hope in the industry and in turn significantly affected the stock market. No other sector in the stock market moves as much as the biotechnological sector due to corporate development. A single FDA decision or drug trial can send stocks plunging or soaring. As a result, many investors trade their biotechnological stocks depending on FDA decisions or meetings and upcoming data releases. The decision by FDA regarding the dietary pills in February 2012 has thus caused a lot of movement in stock and changes in five biotechnology and drugs companies. 1. Arena Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ARNA) Arena’s advanced drug candidate is lorcaserin hydrochloride meant for weight management. The rug has completed two pivotal Phase III clinical trials for lorcaserin. The drugs help patients to deal with overweight, obesity and have a weight-related co-morbid condition to lose weight and keep it off. Lorcaserin is one of the first drugs in more than a decade to have a real shot at gaining FDA final approval. The move by FDA and the company not only legitimizes Arena as a company, but it also favors other companies working to develop dietary pills. This announcement saw the company shares soar with a 74 percent increase. This was the company’s biggest increase since it first started trading publicly in July 2000. The advisory committee to FDA voted 18 to 4 indicating that the benefits of lorcaserin outweigh potential risks after long-term use among obese and overweight individuals. In December 2009, Arena presented the first NDA for lorcaserin to FDA but they were not approved. The company resubmitted in December 2011, and in March 2012, the company’s drug was approved. However, the drug will not hit the markets until the FDA recommends it. The agency will reveal its decision in June 27 2012 after completing its review. Arena has patent of lorcaserin not only in the US but also in most of European countries, which could continue until 2023. The company will granted exclusive marketing and distribution rights to the Japanese company, Esai, once FDA approves the lorcaserin in June. In Europe, the European medicine Agency has accepted the marketing authorization. According to the original agreements, arena would manufacture the diet pills in Switzerland. The finished products will then be sold to Esai for distribution and marketing. This will be done after attaining regulatory approvals in the various territories. The company however has faced several challenges in its quest including stiff competition from VVUS and its dietary drug Qnexa. The company has also received criticism with late-stage trials indicating that the drug only contributes 3.3 percent of weight loss after one year of treatment instead of the recommended 5 percent. Others have also claimed that the drug causes tumors in mice used for the study. However, the company has defended the drug saying the concentration of lorcaserin in human brain is significantly lower than that in mice. 2. Chromadex (OTC: CDXC) Chromadex is an innovative company involved in the manufacture of natural products providing ingredients and science based solutions to dietary supplement, pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and cosmetic industries. Currently, the company has pending patent rights to Pterostilbine. The company launched its Bluescience dietary products whose key ingredient is Pterostilbine. This component treats obesity by lowering lipid levels and reducing the risk of dyslipidemias in an individual at risk of cardiovascular disease. Pterostilbine is a Blueberry Fruit Extract. Blueberries promote the way the body processes fats and sugars. The component also has a longer half-life in the body lasting 105 minutes and higher than cellular uptake because of its lipophilic nature. Pterostilbine also has a positive effect on cognitive decline and cardiovascular diseases. These beneficial properties guarantee the product and ultimately the company huge market potential within the human nutrition industry. Prior to the formal launch scheduled in September 2010, the company held a soft launch in April 2010 where the key ingredient was incorporated in some of the products from nutraceutical industry. However, after the formal launch in September, the component was included in all of its products before the second launch in summer of 2011. The product has received positive market acceptance, a strong indication of the product and ingredient growth potential. 3. Vivus (NASDAQ: VVUS) Qnexa has completed Phase III clinical trials for obesity and Phase II clinical trials for diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea. The advisory committee originally turned down the drug in 2010. However, in February this year, FDA gave the company the green light. However, the company will have to wait for the final review, which will be revealed in July 17 this year. VVUS was hoping to beat its competitor Arena by launching the product in April. However, with FDA pushing the review date to July; it loses the chance of establishing itself in the market ahead of its competitor who receives its review in June. Qnexa is made of a combination of topiramate and Phentermine. The combination of these compounds gives the drug an edge with regard to weight loss over other drugs. Topiramate acts on the nervous system as an antagonist to brain receptor. In shutting down the receptors, topiramate suppresses addiction and food cravings hence decreasing overall food cravings. Phentermine on the other hands works to suppress appetite and suitable in short-term obesity treatment. According to studies, Qnexa reduces body weight by 5 percent in one year with an average weight loss of 9 percent after two years. This is according to research carried out on a sample of patients. The drug has side effects including constipation, dryness of mouth, headache, respiratory tract infection and tingling. However, these are considered common in other drugs and should not be grounds for FDA to deny its approval. Generally, Qnexa has a good chance of gaining approval from FDA. 4. Roche (PINKSHEETS: RHHBY) Roche is a Switzerland drug manufacturing company responsible for the production of Orlistart. This is a dietary pill sold by Roche under the name Xenical. This is an obesity-treating pill prescribed to overweight or obese patients and received FDA nod back in 1999. Xenical works by inhibiting the gastrointestinal secretion reducing the amount of digested calories hence preventing digestion of some fats. According to the manufacturing company, the drug is not absorbed into the blood stream hence has no negative impact on internal organs. The company also claims that Xenical does not bring about drug habituation. However, the drug has been criticized with users claiming the drug is not impressive. The drug has also been linked to liver damage in 2010. This has greatly reduced its selling power, as people no longer want to buy it. 5. GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE: GSK) GlaxoSmithKline is one of the leading manufacture and distributor of drugs worldwide. The company sells Orlistart as a treatment for obesity under the name Alli. GlaxoSmithKline introduced Alli as a treatment for weight loss in 2007. Alli is a lower-strength version of Xenical by the Swiss company. After the drug was linked to severe lung damage in 2010, it meant the deathblow to the drug with decreased sales. Since then, GlaxoSmithKline announced its intentions to offload the less performing products including Alli. Currently, there are no potential buyers for the drug as companies view it as a sinking ship. Conclusion Obesity is declared an epidemic all over the world with more people being considered overweight. Following the move by FDA to come up with dietary pills that will solve the problem, it is clear indication that obesity is a problem needing immediate but careful solutions. Some of the pills introduced in the past have proven to be less fit for human health. Regardless of the monetary benefits that the dietary pills promise, care has to be taken by conducting clinical trials on the drug to certify that it is sufficient for human consumption. References http://seekingalpha.com/article/509591-vivus-qnexa-will-outpace-competition-from-alli- boost-stock

Causes of over Eating Free Essays

Early Tuesday morning this young lady was walking home. The young lady all of a sudden she fell out on the ground. She was rushed to the hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of over Eating or any similar topic only for you Order Now The doctor told her that she was eating too much junk food and not enough health foods. The food she was eating wasn’t giving her enough energy. This is just to show how over eating unhealthy foods can affect you over all health. Over eating unhealthy foods cause serious health problems such as, heart problems, diabetes, and high blood pleasure. First, over eating can be so dangerous towards a person’s health. Heart problems are the worst sickness a person can have; in fact it’s one of the leading causes of death due to unhealthy eating. Whereas to avoid having heart problems by eating health and exercising. Greasy food causes fluid to crowd around the heart other body organs. It’s important to take care of the body so that there wouldn’t be health problems like this. Because who wants to have heart problems they get old in age no one does. Heart conditions are major issues. Second, diabetes comes from eating a lot of sugar, not burning calories, and fried foods. People with diabetes have to watch what they eat at all times. A person might look health on the outside but is unhealthy on the inside. Diabetes is a huge responsibility to withhold. A person with diabetes have to give there self a shot at least twice a day in the stomach, that’s very painful to go through. It’s obvious that people who find out that they have diabetes can’t leave a normal life anymore. Third, high blood pressure is one of the major causes of over eating. People seem to eat their pain away and its causes them to have all kinds of health problems. Dealing with high blood pressure and eating unhealthy food can really make a person have a nervous breakdown. In addition, high blood pressure it causes stress makes a person want to just eat more and more. The stress of this over eating make a person blood pressure goes up so high that it causes them to be hospitalized. Over eating isn’t good for a person with high blood pressure. Most seem to beat themselves down or just eat their hearts out because of their health problems. When people over eat the foods that they know is bad for them, in contrast its makes them have health issues. Heart problem are no good for those who have over eating addictions. Diabetes can get worse if a person continue to over eat unhealthy food. High blood pressure is very hard to deal with knowing that self is the cause of this bad health condition. Overall the cause of over eating has its down falls on a person’s way of living there life on a day to day bases. How to cite Causes of over Eating, Essay examples

Health of Older Adults for Economic Conditions- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth of Older Adults for Economic Conditions. Answer: Introduction Old age does not have a specific definition but is characterized by incapacity of a person to perform the previous obligations, coming across new roles, or inability to make active assistances to society (World Health Organization, 2001). Nowadays, retirement does not mean that a person has become old. Therefore, various strategies and policies have been commenced by the government of few countries in order to help old people getting online and becoming familiar with digital services (Department for Works and Pension, 2015). Now old age is no longer the phase where a person becomes dependent on others instead older adults have the energy to work longer and make required contributions to the society. In simple words, life expectancy is the average life span for which an individual may expect to survive if the mortality pattern and other conditions remain same as that on the time of its birth. With the passage of time, the life expectancy of older adults in every country has positively increased as result of changes in social, economic and political environment and circumstances (Turley Thompson, 2013). For example, let us take two countries- New Zealand and India. Comparison between New Zealand and India on the basis of Life Expectancy The life expectancy data around the world has subsequently changed overtime. A lot of factors which affect life expectancy data such as regional variations, economic conditions, gender, mental illness and other illness like diabetes, obesity, etc. The measurement of life expectancy is made in accordance with the factors prevailing at the time of birth of an individual and therefore, it is referred to as life expectancy at birth (LEB). The derivation of Life expectancy at birth is made after consideration of variety of statistics and reports such as Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Census Reports, Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme and many more. The increase in life expectancy is the result of improved lifestyle, better standard of living and greater literacy (OECD, 2016). The data provided by the World Bank clearly demarcates increase in life expectancy over a period of time. In the year 1960, New Zealand had a total (both male and female) life expectancy at birth of 71.24 years with 68.7 years for males and 73.9 years for females. India faced a below average life expectancy at birth in the year 1960. The males in India had a life expectancy at birth of 41.8 years and for females it was 40.4 years with a total (both male and female) life expectancy at birth of 41.1 years. The newest data delivered by the World Bank is for the year 2015. There has been a significant change in the data overtime and the change is positive and progressive for both the countries i.e. - New Zealand and India. The data for the year 2015 for New Zealand reports that that life expectancy at birth for males have increased to 79.7 years while for females it has increased to 83.2 years with a total life expectancy at birth (both male and female) of 81.4 years. Similarly, India has also made progress with the increase in life expectancy at birth for males to 66.9 years and for females to 66.9 years. With this, the total life expectancy increased to 68.3 years (World Bank, 2017). Factors that influence Life Expectancy for people in New Zealand and India The life expectancy at birth of an individual is influenced by a variety of factors like earnings, standard of living, education, accommodation, diet and many more (Guilmoto Jones, 2015). The World Health Organization specifies that a persons health is equally affected and determined by its physical, social and economic environment and the conducts and individualities of an individual (World Health Organization, 2017). Life expectancy in New Zealand is affected by lower income of people due to which the necessities of life become out of their reach leading to poor quality of life and malnutrition. Moreover, regional variations have a great impact on the life expectancy as some regions are rich in some economic resources which while some are rich in other. There are basically socio-economic inequalities in health of Maori and non- Maori people in New Zealand (Wepa, 2015). Furthermore, religious beliefs and gender roles further extend the health inequalities between the two groups. The access to such resources and living in areas around them increase the life expectancy of a person (Ministry of Social Development, 2009). Major diseases suffered by the people in New Zealand are obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The impact of such diseases can be reduced by participating in physical activities along with a healthy and nourishing diet which will consequently lead to increased life expectancy and a be tter life. Alcohol consumption affects health and increases the chances of death due to road accidents. Males in New Zealand suffer from a higher mortality rates and smaller life expectancy than females. India is still in its developing phase thereby is still struggling with a number of factors like poor sanitation, low literacy rate, malnutrition, etc. The factors affecting life expectancy also involve family background, economic status, edification, drug use, smoking and consumption of alcohol (International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2014). The government of India has become successful to some extent in addressing some major issues like poor sanitation, unawareness among females regarding health issues, inaccessibility of pure drinking water, etc. These issues were a cause of poor health standards in India. Moreover, Malnutrition is also a cause of organ failure and death in older adults as this severely affects their heath. Also, there are various causes of death such as cancer, road accidents, HIV/AIDS, hypertension, tuberculosis, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.(ICICI Lombard, 2013). These causes of death are one of the major factors that affect the life expectancy in India. As far as rural India is concerned, high infant mortality rate is still a major consideration. Moreover, lower literacy rate is the major reason due to which such issues remains unsolved. Lack of education contributes towards lack of awareness regarding health care which significantly lead towards low life expectancy in India. Although, steps have been taken towards resolving this issue such that awareness towards health care can be increased along with increase in life expectancy. He Korowai Oranga: Maori Health Strategy (2013/2014) He Korowai Oranga simply means the cloak of wellness (Marc, 2009). This strategy for Maori health was supposed to be implemented by the health and disability sector of New Zealand in order to get the best health results for Maori who suffered from severe health inequalities (Kirch, 2008). This Maori health strategy highlights three important themes- firstly, the reduction of dissimilarities between health of two groups- Maori and non- Maori, maintaining and keeping up the progress made in Maori health and lastly, rangatiratanga (control) to be achieved by Maori over their own lives (Jones, 2014). Rangatiratanga- Rangatiratanga allowed various groups like iwi, Maori, hapu and whanau to become capable of having control over their own lives, health and wellbeing along with providing them ways so that they can form their own communities and organizations and thereby encouraging their development (McCarthy, 2016). Maintaining and keeping up the progress made in Maori health- He Korowai Oranga is a strategy for making improvements in the Maori Health. The theme of this strategy specifies for keeping up these improvements and considering the improvements already made as the base for the accomplishment in Maori and whanau ora results. Ministry of Health is responsible along with some other respective organizations for upholding the progress made and making attempts for improving it further. Reduction of Inequalities- The socioeconomic differences between the health of Maori and non- Maori emerged as a challenge for the New Zealand government and health sector. For the purpose of reduction of such discrepancies, increased access to various services is planned to be provided to Maori. For this some changes and alterations were planned to be made after determining the priorities where they are required. Background and reason for the development of He Korowai Oranga Among the various groups residing in New Zealand, Maori suffered from the most underprivileged health status. The basic purpose behind the development of He Korowai Oranga is whanau ora. In general terms, whanau ora mean family health. Therefore, the strategy aimed at achieving maximum health and wellbeing results for Maori families (Ministry of Health, 2001). With the help of this strategy, whanau was expected to become confident, attain a secure identity, and achieve a control over their own prosperity along with physical and mental wellbeing. There is an influence of social and political situations on the health of Maori and other native people (Castro, Lambrick, Faulkner, Lark, Williams Stoner, 2013). The principles stated by the Treaty of Waitangi influenced He Korowai Oranga in some areas (Palmer, 2008). These principles were fixed within the strategy for better results (Came, H., McCreanor, Doole Rawson, 2016). These principles were- protection (protection of Maori values and assurance regarding reduction in health differences), partnership (partnership among groups like hapu, whanau, Maori and iwi for improving Maori health) and participation (Maori participation in different stages of planning and development of various health services) (Manley, McCormack Wilson, 2013). Comparison of the theme of the strategy with the international perspective of the same/ similar theme With the increase in worldwide health inequalities, health inequalities are being suffered by various social groups. Due to this the socio- economic status of a person is reduced and makes a person vulnerable to diseases and poor health. The present state is a matter of concern and required to be resolved to reduce the unfairness. International and national engagements are essential for the purpose of redressal of such severe inequalities among health status of different groups (Szende, Janssen Cabases, 2014). Healthy Eating- Healthy Action: Oranga Kai- Oranga Pumau also known as HEHA Strategy was one of the strategies with similar theme as that of He Korowai Oranga Strategy. The basic purpose of this theme was national obesity prevention by creating responsiveness towards healthy eating and attachment towards family (sense of whanaungatanga) among the various groups (Ministry of Health, 2007). Even after years of discussion about poor health of Maori, data in the year 2011 still came out with differences among two groups. The health dissimilarities between Maori and non- Maori lead to lower life expectancy of Maori males and females i.e. 73.3 years and 77.6 years as against the life expectancy of non-Maori male and females which was 79.9 years and 84.4 years. Such inequities are also the result of diseases like diabetes, cancer, obesity and vascular disorders which reduce the overall life of an individual. Although, slowly and gradually people have started living a healthier life and there is a positive trend in the health conditions of various groups around the world. But some of the health problems still remain unaddressed which are required to be removed with immediate action. More strategies are required in this regard so that discrepancies in health is across the world is altogether eliminated (McPake, Normand Smith, 2013).. References Came, H., McCreanor, T., Doole, C., Rawson, E. (2016). The New Zealand Health Strategy 2016: whither health equity?.The New Zealand medical journal,129(1447), 72-77. Castro, N., Lambrick, D. M., Faulkner, J., Lark, S., Williams, M. A., Stoner, L. (2013). Decreasing the Cardiovascular Disease Burden in M?ori Children: The Interface of Pathophysiology and Cultural Awareness.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis,20(11), 833-834. Department for Work Pensions. (2015). 2010 to 2015 government policy: older adult. Retrieved on October 25, 2017, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-older-people/2010-to-2015-government-policy-older-people Guilmoto, C.Z. Jones, G. W. (2015). Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia. Springer. ICICI LOMBARD. (2013). Whats Killing India? Knowing Top 10 Killer Death Diseases in India. Retrieved on October 25, 2017, from https://www.icicilombard.com/health_insurance_info/Knowing-top-10-killer-death-diseases-in-India.html Jones, B. (2014). Guest editorial: How can nurses respond to Maori health disparities in Aotearoa/New Zealand?.Kai Tiaki Nursing Research,5(1), 3. Kirch, W. (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. Springer Science Business Media. Manley, K., McCormack, B. Wilson, V. (2013). International Practice Development in Nursing and Healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Marc, A. (2009). Delivering Services in Multicultural Societies. World Bank Publications. McCarthy, C. (2016). Museums and Maori: Heritage Professionals, Indigenous Collections, Current Practice. Routledge. McPake, B., Normand, C., Smith, S. (2013).Health economics: an international perspective. Routledge. Ministry of Health. (2001). He Korowai Oranga- Maori Health Strategy Discussion Document. Retrieved on October 10, 2017, from https://www.moh.govt.nz/notebook/nbbooks.nsf/0/af7785c39a64d0c6cc256a4c006ec22d/$FILE/maorihealthstratdisc.pdf. Ministry of Health. (2007). Healthy Eating, Healthy Action: Progress on Implementing the HEHA Strategy 2007. Ministry of Health. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). Life Expectancy at birth. Retrieved on October 25, 2017, from https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm. Palmer, M. (2008). The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's Law and Constitution. Victoria University Press. Panigrahi, D. N. (2014). Life Expectancy in India: Contributing Factors. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. vol 3(12). pp. 249-253. Szende, A., Janssen, B., Cabases, J. (Eds.). (2014).Self-reported population health: an international perspective based on EQ-5D(pp. 132-6). Springer Netherlands. The World Bank. (2017). Life expectancy at birth, total (years). Retrieved on October25, 2007 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=IN-NZ Turley, J. Thompson, J. (2013). Nutrition Your Life Science. Cengage Learning. Wepa, D. (2015). Cultural Safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. World Health Organization. (2001). Indicators for the Minimum Data Set Project on Ageing: A Critical Review in sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved on October 25, 2017, from https://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageing_mds_report_en_daressalaam.pdf World Health Organization. (2017). Health Impact Assessment (HIA). Retrieved on October 11, 2017, from https://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/.